FK-506 stimulates the activity of the ryanodine receptor (Ryr) which acts in opposition to SERCA and releases Ca2+ from the ER to the cytosol (59). channel blockers, calcium signaling antagonists and modulators of calcium homeostasis, namely thapsigargin, ionomycin, verapamil, carboxyamidotriazole and immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporine A and tacrolimus (FK-506) were Rabbit polyclonal to IDI2 selectively toxic to CML-T1/IR cells. The putative cellular targets of these compounds in CML-T1/IR cells are postulated in this study. We propose that Ca2+ homeostasis can be a potential therapeutic target in CML cells resistant to TKIs. We demonstrate Abiraterone metabolite 1 that a proteomic approach may be used to characterize a TKI-resistant population of CML cells enabling future individualized treatment options for patients. was selected, missed cleavage was set to 1 1, fixed modification for cysteine carbamidomethylation, and variable modifications for methionine oxidation and protein N-terminal acetylation were further settings selected. Proteins with a Mascot score over the threshold of 56 for P<0.05 calculated using the aforementioned settings were considered as Abiraterone metabolite 1 identified. Multidrug resistance (MDR) assay The Vybrant? Multidrug Resistance Assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to measure drug efflux from the CML-T1 and the CML-T1/IR cells. The cells (5104 cells/well) were grown in a 96-well plate for 24 h. Cells were then Abiraterone metabolite 1 divided into two groups: the untreated group and the group treated with MDR drug efflux inhibitors cyclosporine A (CsA) and/or verapamil (at a Abiraterone metabolite 1 final concentration ranging from 0.4 to 120 Abiraterone metabolite 1 calibration performed at the end of the experiments as described in Kiedrowski (18). Measurement of cytosolic Ca2+ Measurements of calcium concentration in the cytosol were performed as previously described (19). Briefly, the cells were washed in a modified HBSS buffer (140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 3 mM MgCl2, 10 mM HEPES, 50 mM glucose pH 7.4) and loaded with 3 that is validated for routine molecular monitoring in CML cells (21). Relative expression levels of the genes were evaluated using the 2 2?Cq formula according to Livak (22) showing differential gene expression in the CMLT1/IR cells. For data control checking we re-analyzed differential relative expression using the control gene, providing highly similar results as with MDR assay based on the cellular efflux of the fluorescent probe calcein. This process was shown to be performed by the multidrug exporters MDR1 and MRP2 (37,38). Both the CML-T1 and the CML-T1/IR cells retained 100% of the incorporated calcein (no calcein efflux was detected). The addition of multidrug export inhibitors CsA and verapamil therefore had no effect on efflux. This suggests that these drug exporters are not present/active in CML-T1 and CML-T1/IR cells (Fig. 3A). Furthermore, while we were able to detect MRP2 by western blot in the lysates of several cell types including CML-derived K562 cells, expression of MRP2 in both the CML-T1 and CML-T1/IR cells was under our detection limit (Fig. 3B). We concluded that the activity of multidrug exporters in the CML-T1 and CML-T1/IR cells is negligible and that the increased NHERF1 expression does not affect the activity of MDR1 and MRP2 in the CML-T1/IR cells. Open in a separate window Figure 3 Multidrug resistance (MDR) assay in CML-T1 and CML-T1/IR cells and immunodetection of MRP2 protein by western blot analysis in the CML-T1 and CML-T1/IR cells compared with other cell lysates. (A) Measurement of calcein retention as a surrogate of MDR exporter activity in the CML-T1 and CML-T1/IR cells was performed as described in 'Materials and methods'. Cyclosporine A (CsA) and verapamil were used as inhibitors of MDR. No MDR activity was detected in the CMLT1 and CMLT1/IR cells as reflected by 100% calcein retention in the cells. (B) Cell lysates of CML-T1 and CML-T1/IR were subjected to SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis for immunodetection of MRP2 together with the lysates of K562, HL-60, HeLa cells and mouse liver tissue, which were used as MRP2 positive controls. Intracellular concentrations of H+ and Ca2+ ions differ in the CML-T1 and the CML-T1/IR cells Based on the known interplay between NHERF1 and the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 with a consequent effect on cellular pH (39) we examined whether the NHERF1 upregulation in the CML-T1/IR cells affects the intracellular pH. We measured the intracellular pH and observed increased cytosolic pH in the CML-T1/IR cells (pH 7.25) compared to the control CML-T1 cells (pH 7.18), as shown in Fig. 4A. Open in a separate.
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