26:7977-7990. observed that Vpr interacts with ubiquitinated cellular proteins and that this association requires the recruitment of an active E3 ligase given that the depletion of VPRBP by RNA interference or the overexpression of a dominant bad mutant of CUL4A decreased this association. Importantly, G2-arrest-defective mutants of Vpr in the C-terminal putative substrate-interacting website displayed a decreased association with ubiquitinated proteins. We also found that the inhibition of proteasomal activity improved this association and that Genz-123346 free base the ubiquitin chains were at least in part constituted of classical K48 linkages. Interestingly, the inhibition of K48 polyubiquitination specifically impaired the Vpr-induced phosphorylation of H2AX, an early target of ATR, but did not impact UV-induced H2AX phosphorylation. Overall, our results provide direct evidence the association of Vpr with the DDB1-CUL4A (VPRBP) E3 ubiquitin ligase induces the K48-linked polyubiquitination of as-yet-unknown cellular proteins, resulting in their proteasomal degradation and ultimately leading to the activation of ATR and G2 arrest. Viruses have developed ways to modulate the sponsor cellular environment in order to promote efficient viral replication and to disrupt elements of innate or acquired immunity. One strategy particularly favored by viruses to accomplish these goals Genz-123346 free base is definitely to hijack components of the sponsor ubiquitin-proteasome system in order to induce the degradation, block the degradation, or modulate the manifestation and activity of specific cellular factors (4, 8, 16). Human being immunodeficiency disease (HIV) is definitely no exception to this precept. HIV harbors two extensively analyzed accessory proteins, viral protein U (Vpu) and viral infectivity element (Vif), that are usurping the cellular ubiquitin-proteasome system in order to degrade neosynthesized CD4 and the cytidine deaminases APOBEC3F (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3F) and APOBEC3G (37), respectively. Recently, we and several other investigators shown that a third accessory protein of HIV, viral protein R (Vpr), would also exert its function by usurping the sponsor ubiquitination machinery via the recruitment of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex composed of VPRBP (viral protein R binding protein, also known as DCAF1), damaged DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1), and cullin 4A (CUL4A) (5, 14, 22, 32, 43, 49, 55). Ubiquitination is definitely a posttranslational changes that involves the isopeptidic covalent linkage of the C terminus of a small protein called ubiquitin, most commonly to lysine acceptor residues. The conjugation of ubiquitin is performed by E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which also control specificity via a direct connection with substrates (24, 33). The cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRL) organized round the scaffold protein CUL4A (CRL4A) interact with the 126-kDa DDB1 adaptor in order to recruit substrate receptors of the WDxR family (31). Mass spectrometric analyses of CUL4A-DDB1 complexes have revealed physical relationships with at least 30 different WDxR substrates receptors (3, 19, 21, 26), suggesting that CRL4A E3 ligases would likely regulate the function of hundreds of cellular proteins. Surprisingly, however, relatively few cellular proteins have been shown to day to be controlled by these complexes. CRL4A (DDB2) promotes the ubiquitination of histones 2A, 3, and 4 (28, 53); HSPA1A of xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein (XPC) (48); and probably of xeroderma pigmentosum group A protein (XPA) (52) to facilitate UV damage restoration. CRL4A (CSA) and CRL4A (DET1-COP1) induce the proteolysis of Cockayne syndrome type B gene product (CSB) (18) and c-JUN (56), respectively. PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), via the recruitment of a CRL4A (CDT2) ligase, was previously shown to regulate the degradation of the replication licensing element CDT1 (20, 35) as well as that of the CDK inhibitor p21 (1, 39). The 180-kDa VPRBP/DCAF1 WDxR substrate receptor was recognized more than a decade ago as being a Vpr-interacting protein and was found to be indicated Genz-123346 free base in the mRNA level in most cells (59, 61). However, its normal cellular functions remained elusive until recently. Huang and Chen previously shown that CRL4A (VPRBP) induces the quick degradation of the tumor suppressor Merlin (NF2 [neurofibromin 2]) following serum activation (23). Moreover, the depletion of VPRBP reduced the pace of DNA replication, clogged cells in S phase, and impeded cellular proliferation (22, 38). As a result, the genetic ablation of VPRBP in mouse (38) and in the evolutionarily distant (60) led to embryonic.
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