Fishers exact test was used to assess associations between two categorical variables

Fishers exact test was used to assess associations between two categorical variables. body mass index among women. Conclusion: Non-reported COVID-19 infections were more prevalent among children than women, and non-reported COVID-19 infections children represent a viral transmission risk; therefore, increased screening, especially among school-aged children, may represent an important COVID-19 preventive control measure. Keywords: children, women, seropositivity, non-reported COVID-19 infection, SARS-CoV-2, predictor 1. Introduction Pradefovir mesylate In December 2019, people in China were diagnosed with an unknown respiratory disease, later identified as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. The outbreak spread to Europe and the Americas in mid-March 2020, developing into a worldwide health emergency (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen, accessed on 18 July 2021). The first case of COVID-19 infection in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was detected in the Eastern Province in March 2020. The affected individual was a Saudi Arabian citizen who had traveled to an affected region in Iran. Thereafter, sporadic cases were identified in other regions [2]. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been acknowledged as the gold standard for confirming the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, viral detection is restricted by the transient nature of RNA, and concerns have been raised regarding the unsatisfactory sensitivity of this method [3], which may result in the misdiagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections, especially among subclinical or non-reported COVID-19 infections cases. Population-based serosurveys measuring anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies offer one method for approximating infection rates and monitoring the progress of Pradefovir mesylate the epidemic [4]. By identifying individuals who have established anti-viral antibodies, immunoassay, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), can provide a more thorough understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 prevalence [5]. In fact, the current study is important to observe and trace COVID-19 incidence and recognize the frequency of or non-reported COVID-19 infections individuals in the community. In addition, to measure the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, which will help in trace and contain disease and the viral spread especially in the highly affected regions. Children with COVID-19 rarely present with severe respiratory symptoms and frequently remain asymptomatic [6], whereas adults more commonly develop respiratory symptoms of variable severity [7]. Children younger than 10 years with no identified SARS-CoV-2 exposure have been diagnosed with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection [8]. In contrast with adults, children with COVID-19 typically experience a mild illness with a good prognosis [9]. Interestingly, a recent study found that there are cross-reactive Pradefovir mesylate epitopes mediated T cell response induced by hCoVs and SARS-CoV-2 infection, making children more likely to BTLA have asymptomatic or mild clinical symptoms when compared to adults because seasonal hCoVs infections are more frequent in children than adults [10]. A seroprevalence study conducted among blood donors revealed that blood group O donors have a lower seroprevalence than those in blood Group A [11], and the same pattern was observed among blood donors in Saudi Arabia [12]. Another seroprevalence study showed that COVID-19 was more commonly identified as a non-reported COVID-19 infection among pregnant women, and the use of immunoassays can detect non-laboratory confirmed infections [13]. One study reported a nearly 50% anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among children who were asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, and the transmission rates to children from a laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2Cinfected family member were 35% [14]. Knowing the seroprevalence Pradefovir mesylate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among asymptomatic COVID-19 infection women and children is important for developing an informed pandemic response. In the current study, we aimed to screen women and children with no known history of SARS-CoV-2 infection during regular follow-up appointments at Madinah Maternal and Childrens Hospital using an ELISA to identify the seroprevalence status. In fact, the current study is important to observe and trace COVID-19 incidence and recognize the frequency of non-reported COVID-19 infection individuals in the community. In addition, to measure the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2, which will help in trace and contain disease and the viral spread especially in the highly affected regions (the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies among asymptomatic blood donors in Saudi Arabia). 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Sample Collection Data from 579 participants were collected.